{"value"=>"<p>Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) was a Hungarian-born writer and political activist who spent her life working for the causes of feminism, pacifism, and world government. Born in Budapest, Schwimmer was descended from several generations of Jewish merchants and intellectuals. She was the oldest of three children of Max Bernat Schwimmer, a horse merchant, and his wife Berta Schwimmer, née Katscher. Her maternal uncle, Leopold Katscher, was a well-known and widely-published pacifist lawyer and journalist whose beliefs influenced his niece and would significantly shape her career.</p> <p>Rosika attended school briefly in Budapest and at a convent school in the Transylvanian town of Temesvár (modern-day Timisoara, Romania), where the family also operated an experimental farm. She received a classical education featuring music and foreign languages. Although she completed only eight years of formal schooling, she eventually came to speak four languages--Hungarian, German, French and English--and was able to read an additional four--Dutch, Italian, Norwegian, and Swedish.</p> <p>When the family fortunes began to falter in the late 1890s, Schwimmer began work as a bookkeeper in various Budapest offices. The working conditions she experienced led to her first forays in political organizing, and soon into involvement in the Hungarian suffrage and pacifist movements. Her activities also brought her beyond the borders of the Dual Monarchy, when she became a corresponding secretary of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Her position with the IWSA would prove invaluable to her career, as it brought her into contact with other feminists and suffragists, and cemented her involvement in international political movements.</p> <p>Little is known about her brief, childless marriage in 1911 to a journalist by the name of Bédy. Differing accounts maintain that Mr. Bédy passed away in 1912, or that the couple divorced in 1913. Following the marriage, Rosika rejected her Hungarian married name of Bédy-Schwimmer Rósza (or B. Schwimmer, Rosika), preferring the title \"Madame Schwimmer.\"</p> <p>In 1914, Schwimmer moved to London to begin work as the press secretary for the IWSA. When the outbreak of World War I prevented her from returning to Hungary, she sought Carrie Chapman Catt's assistance in arranging a lecture tour of the United States. Schwimmer traveled to twenty-two states, lecturing primarily on the themes of woman suffrage and the human cost of war. At a lecture in Chicago, she met Lola Maverick Lloyd, a millionaire active in the American feminist and pacifist movements. Mrs. Lloyd would become her professional partner and financial support in later years.</p> <p>Schwimmer was determined to convince Woodrow Wilson to act as a neutral mediator to stop the war in Europe. Her efforts culminated in a September 1914 audience with the President, arranged by Catt. The meeting with the hesitant president was unsuccessful.</p> <p>In April of 1915, Schwimmer attended the International Congress of Women at The Hague. At the Congress, she was selected as a member of the board of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (later the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, WILPF). Perhaps more significantly, following the Congress, Schwimmer joined a convoy of women traveling to the belligerent countries to meet with diplomats and discuss the possibility of armistice. The women obtained documents from dignitaries on both sides of the conflict, stating their willingness to accept compromise if proposed by a neutral party. These documents failed to persuade President Wilson to mediate, when Schwimmer met with him a second time in November of 1915, but did convince automobile magnate Henry Ford to finance a new plan.</p> <p>The Henry Ford Peace Expedition, also known as the Ford Peace Ship, was hastily organized in late November and early December of 1915. The participant list was drafted and redrafted, while an eager Ford trumpeted his desire to \"Get the boys out of the trenches by Christmas!\" He pushed for a start date before Schwimmer felt the endeavor was quite ready, and indeed a number of the luminaries initially invited declined to attend. Schwimmer quickly completed the passenger list, hired the Danish ship Oscar II, and enticed numerous journalists to join the venture and report from the seas. With this preliminary work achieved, the expedition finally set sail from Hoboken on December 4.</p> <p>The voyage across the Atlantic was far from pacific, with several camps debating the best means of bringing the hostile countries into agreement. All the while, the journalists reported criticism of the venture to the international press, lambasting Schwimmer and the pacifists for their lack of a coherent plan. Upon arrival in Christiania (modern-day Oslo), perhaps embarrassed by the negative press and claiming illness, Ford abandoned the expedition and returned to the United States. He continued to provide funding for the ensuing Neutral Conference for Continuous Mediation, while never indicating who was to be his successor and primary representative at the Conference. In the face of increasing criticism and the stress of attempting to manage competing coalitions, Schwimmer resigned her chairmanship in March of that year. The Neutral Conference limped on fairly unsuccessfully for another year.</p> <p>While the Ford Peace Expedition can be seen as the high point of Schwimmer's career, it resulted in the collapse of her political influence in America. The failure of the grand venture, her intractable personality and tendency to clash with those with whom she did not agree, and the public perception that the Expedition had bilked Ford of massive amounts of money contributed to the destruction of her public reputation in the United States. She spent much of the 1920s through the 1940s attempting to resurrect her image, becoming embroiled in several libel suits, including one against Upton Sinclair for his portrayal of her in the book Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox.</p> <p>Following the end of the war, Schwimmer returned to newly-independent Hungary, headed by Prime Minister Count Michael Karolyi. Karolyi appointed her the first female Hungarian minister to Switzerland, a position she held from November 1918 to March of 1919. Amidst the chaos of Bela Kun's Communist \"Red Terror\" and the ensuing anti-Semitic \"White Terror\" of the Admiral Horthy government, Schwimmer managed to escape to Vienna in January of 1920. The following year she emigrated to the United States under the financial sponsorship of her friend Lola Maverick Lloyd.</p> <p>In 1924 Schwimmer applied to become a U.S. citizen. But as a lifelong pacifist, she refused to swear to take up arms in defense of the country in case of war, and her application was denied. She appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, where in May of 1929 the case of the United States v. Schwimmer was found against her. Despite this loss, the case became famous for Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.'s minority opinion affirming the protection of all speech, \"not free thought for those who agree with us but freedom for the thought that we hate.\" Schwimmer, now stateless as a result of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the denial of U.S. citizenship, would remain so until her death.</p> <p>In 1937, Schwimmer and Lola Maverick Lloyd founded the Campaign for World Government, a lobbying organization with headquarters both in New York and Chicago. Dissatisfied with the League of Nations (and later the United Nations) Schwimmer believed that only a federal world legislative body could prevent future wars between nations.</p> <p>In her later years, Schwimmer would also work with author and historian Mary Ritter Beard to create the World Center for Women's Archives, an organization devoted to the documentation of women's lives and political activities.</p> <p>Schwimmer suffered for much of her life from ill health. Having fought diabetes through experimental treatments for decades, she passed away in August 1948. Shortly before her death, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. No prize was awarded that year.</p>"}
{"value"=>"<div class=\"head\"> Timeline:</div> <ul class=\"chronlist\"> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1877 Sept. 11</span> <span class=\"event\">Born in Budapest</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1897</span> <span class=\"event\">Organized National Association of Women Office Workers</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1903</span> <span class=\"event\">Founded Hungarian Association of Working Women</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1904</span> <span class=\"event\">Co-founded Hungarian Council of Women and the Hungarian Feminist Association</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1911</span> <span class=\"event\">Married Bédy</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1914</span> <span class=\"event\">Moved to London</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1914 Sept.</span> <span class=\"event\">Met with President Wilson</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1914-1915</span> <span class=\"event\">Lecture tour of U.S.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1915 Apr.-May</span> <span class=\"event\">International Congress of Women at The Hague</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1915 Nov.</span> <span class=\"event\">Second meeting with President Wilson</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1915 Nov.</span> <span class=\"event\">Met with Henry Ford, began planning Peace Ship</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1915 Dec. 4</span> <span class=\"event\">Oscar II set sail</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1916 Feb.</span> <span class=\"event\">Ford Neutral Conference began</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1916 Mar.</span> <span class=\"event\">Resigned from conference</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1918 Oct.</span> <span class=\"event\">Appointed to the National Council of Fifteen, which briefly governed Hungary</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1918 Nov.-1919 Mar.</span> <span class=\"event\">Served as Hungarian Minister to Switzerland</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1920 Jan.</span> <span class=\"event\">Escaped to Vienna</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1921</span> <span class=\"event\">Emigrated to U.S.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1924 May</span> <span class=\"event\">Citizenship application made public</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1926</span> <span class=\"event\">Petition for naturalization rejected</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1928</span> <span class=\"event\">Published Tisza Tales, a collection of stories for children</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1929</span> <span class=\"event\">Successful libel suit against Fred R. Marvin of the Keymen of America</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1929 May</span> <span class=\"event\">United States v Schwimmer decided against Schwimmer. Citizenship rejection upheld.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1937</span> <span class=\"event\">Launched Campaign for World Government with Lola Maverick Lloyd</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1939</span> <span class=\"event\">Published pamphlet Union Now, for Peace or War?</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1948</span> <span class=\"event\">Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1948 Aug. 3</span> <span class=\"event\">Died in New York</span></li></ul>"}
{"value"=>"<p>Rosika Schwimmer's papers, which constitute the bulk of the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection, extensively document her professional life and personal interests, and the activities of prominent colleagues in the pacifist, suffragist, feminist and world government movements.</p> <p>Spanning the 1890s through her death in 1948, the collection consists of correspondence; Schwimmer's literary and professional writings and speeches; subject files; documents stemming from organizations and movements in which she was active; legal, financial and real estate materials; printed matter, including extensive newspaper clippings; a small number of photographs; and personal miscellany, including juvenilia, appointment and telephone books, passports and identity papers, medical files, and artifacts.</p> <p>Over half of the collection consists of Schwimmer's voluminous correspondence, maintained as a matter of business on a daily basis and with incoming and outgoing letters interfiled. The letters exchanged document every milestone in her personal and professional career, her relationships with her colleagues and friends, and her opinions on a wide variety of matters. Especially well-represented are the women's suffrage and reform movements in Europe prior to World War I; the Ford Peace Expedition; Schwimmer's continuing involvement with the American and European peace movements; her contribution to the protection of free speech in the U.S.; her battles with patrioteer organizations throughout the 1930s and 1940s; and her active lobbying for the formation of a world government.</p> <p>Materials are predominantly in English, with significant holdings in Hungarian and German and a small number of items in other European languages.</p> <p>Other series within the collection complement the general correspondence, focusing on Schwimmer's involvement with the Hungarian Feminists Association, the International Women Suffrage Alliance Congresses, the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague, and the Ford Peace Expedition and Neutral Conference for Continuing Mediation. There are also documents stemming from Schwimmer's Swiss diplomatic service, and from her activities \"in exile\" in the United States, including her crusade against personal libel, her attempts to obtain American citizenship and the resulting Supreme Court case, her efforts on behalf of other immigrants and displaced persons during World War II, and her activities founding the World Center for Women's Archives.</p> <p>Researchers interested in Schwimmer's photographs will find occasional examples included here, but are instructed to view the separate finding aid for the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection Photographs for the bulk of photographic materials. In addition, several boxes of images from the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection Photographs are now available through the Digital Gallery of The New York Public Library, under the title \"Woman Suffrage and Feminism Photographs in the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection.\" See the collection guide for further information: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?col_id=542.</p>"}
{"value"=>"<p class='list-head'>The Rosika Schwimmer papers are arranged in ten series:</p>\n<ul class='arrangement series-descriptions'>\n<li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c207829'>Series I. Correspondence and mailbooks</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1890-1948, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>465 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>The general correspondence is arranged chronologically by date of receipt, as it was received and logged by Schwimmer and her assistants. Researchers may find it difficult to identify and locate all letters exchanged with a particular person. There is a three-step process through which one may locate all correspondence related to an individual, which is explained in detail under Subseries IB.. Mailbooks.</p> <p>There is a small amount of correspondence arranged within other series of the collection. In such instances, this fact will be noted in the series description for each section.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208377'>Series II. Writings and speeches</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1896-1948, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>18 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>This series consists of manuscripts of Schwimmer's published and unpublished articles and books; notes and research files supporting these works; 6 index volumes providing citations to her journalistic publications, 1899-1940; texts and notes of her speeches; a small amount of correspondence; and materials related to Schwimmer's efforts as an informal book agent for friends and associates.</p> <p>Additional examples of Schwimmer's publications and other works, spanning 1902 through 1945, can be found in newspaper clipping form in series VIII. Personal Press Clippings, in boxes 547 through 550.</p> <p>In English, French, German and Hungarian.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208728'>Series III. Hungarian diplomatic service</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1918-1949</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>1 box</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Materials concerning her affairs as Hungarian Minister to Switzerland from late 1918 to 1919 consist of her credentials, financial records, correspondence, and maps and statistical materials on Hungary. Included are three folders of Hungarian Government Information Service releases, the majority of which are in German and were penned by Schwimmer herself.</p> <p>Of interest within the correspondence are letters exchanged with President Count Michael Karolyi. Also of note are statements found in Schwimmer's wills (see series IX. Financial, Insurance and real estate records), noting that she never received payment for her diplomatic work. These documents indicate she was owed \"20,000 Swiss Gold Francs\" at November 1918 value. In her will she transferred her rights to these monies, should the sum ever be collected. Letters documenting Schwimmer's efforts to obtain these monies, written during the 1940s, are also present here.</p> <p>In Hungarian, German, English and French.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208739'>Series IV. Ford Peace Expedition and Neutral Conference for Continuous Mediation</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1914-ca. 1945, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>3 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Following the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Schwimmer joined with the Americans Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, and Julia Grace Wales; English suffragette Chrystal Macmillan; Dutch feminist Aletta Jacobs, and several others to travel to fourteen European countries, in order to meet with diplomats to discuss the possibility of armistice. Their success in obtaining signed statements agreeing to accept compromise if proposed by a neutral party encouraged Schwimmer in her plans for mediation. She used the statements to convince Henry Ford to finance the Ford Peace Expedition and the ensuing Neutral Conference for Continuous Mediation.</p> <p>Schwimmer's involvement with the 1915 Ford Peace Expedition and 1916 Neutral Conference for Continuous Mediation is documented within this series. Materials consist of Schwimmer's own papers as well as materials she collected in the years following the events.</p> <p>The records include correspondence, notes, minutes, press releases, daily bulletins, lists of participants and their biographies, and miscellaneous items generated by the Peace Expedition and Neutral Conference. Materials collected at a later date are labeled \"Ford Peace Expedition aftermath,\" and consist of newspaper clippings and printed matter, correspondence, Peace Ship reminiscences written by the Lloyd children and other expedition participants, and Ford Peace Expedition anniversary materials.</p> <p>While the Ford Peace Expedition materials do not document the pre-voyage preparation in great detail, they do represent daily discussions and resolutions taken during the expedition and conference; disagreements and the subsequent development of opposing camps; and Schwimmer's role in each of these events. Anniversary files on the expedition include \"then and now\" biographical data on many participants.</p> <p>Researchers are advised that the best source for detailed information on the operations and finances of the Ford Peace Expedition and Neutral Conference may be Lewis Maverick's records in the Ford Peace Expedition Participants' Papers. For documentation of the numerous speeches and statements made on the excursion, as well as lists of journalists onboard, see Ellis O. Jones's records in the same collection.</p> <p>Previously, Schwimmer's Ford Peace Expedition records were arranged with the related papers of other participants. The papers of these other participants have been removed and are accessible in the following collections:</p> <p>--Ford Peace Expedition Participants' Papers, NYPL Manuscripts and Archives (Emily Greene Balch, Ellis O. Jones, Lewis Lochner, Lewis Maverick, Naima Sahlbom)</p> <p>--Katherine Leckie Papers, NYPL, Manuscripts and Archives</p> <p>--Ernest Mandel Papers, NYPL, Manuscripts and Archives.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208780'>Series V. Libel suits and other disputes</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1922-1942, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>6 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Rosika Schwimmer collected materials documenting what she perceived as defamation of her character. These papers cover a range of incidents from petty conflicts to full-fledged lawsuits. Her concern also extended to libelous statements against her colleagues in the peace movement, Albert Einstein and Frederick J. Libby, among others.</p> <p>During the reactionary period of the first \"Red Scare\" (1917-1921), Schwimmer was publicly accused of being, alternately, a Communist, a German sympathizer, an anarchist, and the cause of Henry Ford's anti-Semitism. These materials represent her reactions to the anti-immigrant, anti-Communist and anti-leftist hysteria pervading America during this period, and document her attempts to defend her name and reclaim her public image. In particular, Schwimmer felt she had suffered a real financial loss due to the attacks against her, as her lecture contracts went from netting her an average of $3,000 in 1915 (as noted in the June 14, 1922 \"Notes of a Spy's Interview with Me\"), to a mere trickle in the 1920s.</p> <p>A large section of this series focuses on Schwimmer's relationship with Henry Ford. In the years following the Ford Peace Expedition, many in the American media blamed Schwimmer for Henry Ford's increasingly vocal anti-Semitism. The materials she collected on Ford largely focus on her attempts to contact him in later years, requesting that he publicly exonerate her of any responsibility for his views. Arranged in this series are publications which examine his anti-Semitism. Also included are materials collected and produced by Schwimmer in an apparent attempt to prove Ford's involvement in anti-Semitic organizations, through his association with W.J. Cameron of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America.</p> <p>Researchers are advised that the name \"Elaine G. Sanders,\" featured in the files on Edith Wynner and Georgia Lloyd's attempts to contact Ford, is a pseudonym for Edith Wynner. The papers related to Fred Marvin, Executive Director of the anti-Communist patriotic society Key Men of America, and editor-in-chief of the New York Commercial, pertain to a pamphlet he published in 1926, \"Ye Shall Know the Truth.\" The publication attacked pacifists, socialists and other \"radicals,\" labeling them as anti-American. Publication of the pamphlet, which was particularly scathing about Schwimmer, led her to sue for libel, primarily based on her assertion that the charges of Communism were patently false. The verdict was found in her favor.</p> <p>Schwimmer's case against Upton Sinclair and William Fox was based on their portrayal of her in the book Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox. In the book, for which Sinclair interviewed Fox regarding his interactions with Henry Ford, Fox claimed the Ford Peace Expedition was an advertising gimmick to sell more cars. Incensed at Fox's insinuation that she had reported this fact to him, Schwimmer wrote to Sinclair. Despite several exchanges in which she requested he retract his statements, the book remained in its original state and she filed suit. In an ironic twist, correspondence in this series indicates that during the Marvin case, Sinclair himself referred Schwimmer to the attorney whom she would later hire to sue him as well. Her suit, however, was not successful.</p> <p>Materials in this series include correspondence, research notes, case filings and briefs, copies of Marvin's and Sinclair's publications (including evidence of their published attacks), texts of lectures and \"daily data sheets\" of the Key Men of America, newspaper clippings, and other printed matter. Prominent correspondents include Roger Baldwin, Carrie Chapman Catt, Freda Kirchwey, Arthur Garfield Hays, Olive Rabe, Lola Maverick Lloyd, Fred Marvin, Alice Park, Romain Rolland, and Upton Sinclair.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208850'>Series VI. Immigration and naturalization</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1919-1981, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>4 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Compiled by Edith Wynner, this series documents Schwimmer's naturalization attempts, the U.S. Supreme Court case United States v Schwimmer, her interest in the naturalization cases of others, and her efforts on behalf of European refugees from World War II. Records related to the case United States v Schwimmer document her application and rejection for citizenship, subsequent court case and appeal, and her ongoing conceptualization of the issue up until the time of her death.</p> <p>Materials consist of correspondence; annotated copies of transcripts, briefs and other documents relevant to her case; naturalization petitions and related documents; Schwimmer's own trial notes; papers related to her compliance with alien registration requirements in the early 1940s; and one folder of letters exchanged with Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Felix Frankfurter. Also present are copies of printed matter citing the Schwimmer case as precedent or mentioning Rosika Schwimmer, miscellaneous newspaper clippings, and a subject file on Justice Holmes. A fair amount of the correspondence in this series appears to be duplicate copies of letters housed in Series I. Correspondence, although the Holmes letters are present in the original.</p> <p>Papers related to the questions of naturalization and the citizenship difficulties of others include a file on Rebecca Shelley, and a miscellaneous file containing correspondence on several other cases, many of which are related to conscientious objectors and citizenship.</p> <p>The papers of Olive Rabe and the Griffin-O'Day Bill Committee, originally arranged with these materials, were deemed to constitute distinct collections and have been removed from Rosika Schwimmer's papers. For further information on these and other Schwimmer-Lloyd collections, please see the Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection finding aid.</p> <p>Finally, the series ends with a box of letters recording Schwimmer's attempts, between 1939 and 1942, to locate sponsors and immigration affidavits for European Jews, Catholics, suffragists, pacifists, and others likely to be persecuted under fascist regimes. Her project was complicated by the fact that resident aliens were not permitted to vouch for immigrants. Schwimmer, therefore, engaged in a letter-writing campaign to cultivate American sponsors for the friends, family, colleagues, and even strangers she was hoping to rescue. These refugees hailed from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Spain, and Yugoslavia. Many of the letters from refugees included resumes and photographs. Documentation present in this section indicates Schwimmer was able to obtain an affidavit for the feminist Eugenie Miskolczy Meller.</p> <p>From 1944 through 1946, Schwimmer directed her efforts toward providing food and monetary relief to those contacts still remaining in Europe. The papers collected here contain correspondence with possible sponsors, as well as aid recipients in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Romania. Also included are itemized lists of packages sent to particular individuals, including Camille Drevet, Michael Karolyi and Ignazio Silone.</p> <p>The refugee relief materials are in German, Hungarian, English and French.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208885'>Series VII. Women and peace organizations</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1910-1983, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>5 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Schwimmer's experiences as an office worker in Budapest inspired her to organize in defense of women's' vocational rights. Her interest in this cause soon expanded to include larger feminist and pacifist issues, in Hungary and on the international stage. Schwimmer became an advocate for woman suffrage, birth control, and dress reform. She participated in founding the National Organization of Hungarian Women Office Workers, the Hungarian Association of Working Women, the Hungarian Feminist Association, and the Hungarian National Council of Women. From 1907 to 1919 she was editor to the Hungarian Feminist Association's journal A Nö (The Woman).</p> <p>Compiled by Schwimmer and Edith Wynner under the rubric \"Women and Peace Organizations,\" this series contains documents pertaining to her participation in the pacifist and woman suffrage movements in Europe and the United States. Among the groups and events represented are the Hungarian Feminists Association, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, the World Center for Women's Archives, and several other societies.</p> <p>Materials include correspondence; organizational records such as meeting minutes, speeches and resolutions; congress documents; Schwimmer's handwritten notes; memorabilia; newspaper clippings and other printed matter.</p> <p>Materials in Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Norwegian, and Swedish.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208946'>Series VIII. Personal press clippings</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1897-1972</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>48 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>The bulk of the materials in this series are Schwimmer's personal press clippings and scrapbooks, spanning 1897 to 1972. The extended date is accounted for by the fact that Edith Wynner continued to expand the holdings of the series following Schwimmer's death in 1948. The entire series has been microfilmed, although Edith Wynner's additions were added post-microfilming. Wynner was also responsible for the detailed descriptive summaries in the container list to this finding aid.</p> <p>The subject matter of the newspaper clippings and articles covers Schwimmer herself and Hungarian periodicals she edited or wrote for, such as A Nö és a Társadalom. Also included as subjects are the Ford Peace Expedition and Neutral Conference, feminist and suffragist causes in Hungary, and numerous organizations, people and themes in which she cultivated an interest.</p> <p>For Rosika Schwimmer's own writings and publications in this series, see boxes 547-550.</p> <p>In Dutch, English, French, German, and Hungarian.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c208993'>Series IX. Finances, insurance and real estate</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1911-1948, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>3 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>The materials in this series document the personal finances of Rosika Schwimmer and her sister Franciska, and offer a small glimpse into the personal circumstances of the two women.</p> <p>From the 1920s through her death Schwimmer shared an apartment with her sister Franciska and their friend and personal secretary, Edith Wynner. Lola Maverick Lloyd appears to have provided a significant amount of the income shared by the three women (as is evidenced in Ms. Lloyd's papers), in addition to the funds produced by Rosika's publications and Franciska's music lessons. A small number of canceled checks not maintained within the collection indicate that Rosika managed their communal finances until 1933, at which point her sister and Wynner took over the triumvirate's financial affairs. At the time of Franciska's death, Edith Wynner continued to be supported by their estates.</p> <p>In addition to personal finances, there are account books related to the Campaign for World Government, wills, and funeral and legal expenses surrounding the deaths of Schwimmer's mother Berta Katscher Schwimmer, her niece Vilma Schwimmer, and Franciska Schwimmer. Schwimmer's will, in which she leaves any unpaid monies recouped from her Hungarian diplomatic service to Edith Wynner and Georgia Lloyd, is included, as is a small amount of real estate information and other miscellaneous financial materials.</p> <p>In English.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/6398#c209009'>Series X. Personal miscellany</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1883-1957, n.d.</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>39 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Rosika Schwimmer's personal miscellany contains of juvenilia, passports and identity documents, appointment books, address books and calling cards, telephone logbooks, selected medical records, artifacts, and other miscellaneous materials.</p> <p>The juvenilia consists of school reports, essays, drawings, autograph and commonplace books, and other miscellany. In Hungarian.</p> <p>Her passports, spanning 1918-1921, are accompanied by membership cards and alien registration documents from the United States. Of interest are the falsified passports, dated 1920, which she used to escape Hungary under an alias, and the Austrian emergency passport, dated 1921, which allowed her to travel to the United States. Also notable is the document stating that Schwimmer registered to vote in Hungary--the only time in her life in which she was able to do so--in November of 1919. In English, German and Hungarian.</p> <p>The appointment books, previously labeled as \"diaries,\" are primarily in Hungarian. They document Schwimmer's daily activities during the period of 1901 to 1948, often containing notes on topics discussed during appointments.</p> <p>Schwimmer's address books and calling cards are arranged chronologically, with overlapping dates. Many of the address books and packets of loose addresses and cards were grouped by geographic region (for example, \"Chicago\" or \"Europe\"), in addition to the section of calling cards originally labeled \"IWSA calling cards, 1904-1906.\"</p> <p>Her telephone log books record over thirty years of telephone calls, frequently listing contact, telephone number, subject discussed, and some notes on details of the conversation.</p> <p>The small amount of medical records in the collection consist of selections from Schwimmer's \"medical notebooks\" containing daily charts on her medicines, diets, tests and experimental diabetes treatments; medical correspondence; hospital records, including billing; and information on her last illness, death and post-mortem report. Also included is a small amount of information on the health of her mother Berta Katscher Schwimmer.</p> <p>Additional materials include job reference letters, the list of books in her home library prior to its shipment to the U.S., a list of books she read between 1921 and 1933, and assorted family and personal artifacts.</p> <p>Among the artifacts is her \"famous black bag\" of documents from the Ford Peace Expedition, sans documents; a leather portfolio and pencils from the Neutral Conference; a 1915 Kodak Vest Pocket Autographic Special camera; pacifist, suffragist and woman suffrage pins and ribbons and calendars; and other miscellany. The Kodak Vest Pocket camera, the model popularly known as \"the Soldier's Camera,\" is accompanied by a note from Edith Wynner. Wynner wrote that the camera was temporarily confiscated by German authorities in 1915. It was also given into her own safekeeping in 1940 when Schwimmer, considered an enemy alien in the U.S., was forbidden to own a camera. The suffragist pins and ribbons represent the woman suffrage movement in several countries, among them Hungary, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States. Of note is the January 1915 pin from the founding of the Woman's Peace Party in the U.S.</p> <p>Additional artifacts having belonged to Rosika Schwimmer can be found in the Schwimmer Family Papers.</p> <p>All artifacts are available only by advance permission of the Curator of Manuscripts.</p></div></li></ul>\n", "type"=>"arrangement"}