{"type"=>"did", "value"=>"\n In November 1976, Gutman received a Research and Development Award from the Smithsonian\n Institution. This was followed by a joint grant from the Smithsonian Institution and the\n American Institute for Indian Studies. Further grants from the Ford Foundation and the\n Social Science Research Council furthered her study to develop an understanding of Indian\n photography in its various cultural contexts. The eventual exhibition and accompanying\n volume published by Oxford University Press presented photographs and miniatures which\n attempted to show that as soon as Indians learned to use the camera, they ignored European\n visual conventions. Instead they organized their photographs around indigenous pictorial\n modes. The exhibition traced this native tradition in portraiture, hunting scenes,\n landscapes, group scenes. It addressed the issue of changes that did occur in the arts as\n Eastern and Western photography began to take on characteristics of one another as the\n century progressed and contact between the two groups of photographers increased. It was an\n attempt to add to the knowledge of the history of photography outside of the sphere of the\n history of European and American photography. Gutman undertook research in such sources as\n 19th century archives kept by each of the states in India, British and Indian political\n offices, family albums maintained by descendants of Indian civil servants, public libraries\n and museums, painters' ateliers, and old photographic firms and dealers in curios and\n antiques. She determined that photography came to India only six months after the\n development of photography was announced by Daguerre in France in 1839. By the end of 1840,\n notices in many newspapers, especially in Bengal, offered daguerreotype for sale and\n identified places where daguerreotype materials could be bought. Indian artisans took up\n photography, portrait studios flourished, the government and the Rajahs had their court\n photographers, and commercial firms documented their own activities. Throughout, Indian\n photographers maintained the style carried over from painting, adapting the new\n technological tool when necessary to achieve their purposes. Research materials include\n Gutman's notes, and photocopies of articles, library catalogs and travel itineraries\n collected by Gutman throughout India. Additional research was done in at Muse de l'Homme in\n Paris, and Scotland and England where Gutman examined the records of jute and tea companies\n who employed both Indian and Western photographers.\n "}