{"value"=>"<p>An assiduous collection of policy statements, reports, white papers, conference papers and programs, speeches, unpublished manuscripts, and newspaper and magazine clippings (national and international) are found in this series. The Country subseries mostly covers the period of African independence struggles; it begins with materials on the continent and regions of Africa. These files include papers, speeches, and reports, which are organized into general and thematic categories. The rest of this subseries consists of clippings about various countries including the Congo, from the tumultuous years just prior to independence; Ethiopia and Emperor Haile Selassie; Ghana, in the years prior to independence, Kwame Nkrumah's early government, and the subsequent fall of his dictatorship; Kenya and its turbulent road to independence; Lesotho and its post-independence years; Mozambique, which includes Eduardo Mondlane's first draft of \"Woodrow Wilson and the Idea of Self-Determination\"; Namibia and its long struggle against South African political domination; Nigeria and the Biafra crisis; Tanzania after independence and speeches by Nyerere; and Zimbabwe/Rhodesia and its unilateral declaration of independence and the African struggle against the minority government, among many others.</p> <p>The substantial South Africa section consists of conference and symposia materials; papers, speeches and reports; and printed matter (clippings and newsletters). Conferences and symposia cover the period after the official end of apartheid in 1990 with the repeal of the last apartheid law, and are mainly concerned with business and investment opportunities and the unfolding of democracy in the changing South Africa. Papers, speeches, and reports encompass both the period under apartheid and the post-apartheid democracy. Reports include those produced or published by organizations such as the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action Against Apartheid, Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, South Africa Foundation, and South Africa Institute of Race Relations. Items of interest include Es'Kia Mphahlele's 1984 address on the crisis in Black leadership, a 1989 report on New York City's policy with respect to South Africa, a 1991 assessment by the Centre against Apartheid of the political situation in South Africa, a 1993 survey of South African youth, a 1999 report on South Africans' views of their nation, and speeches by Chief Buthelezi. Other materials include essays that review the legal situation in South Africa, court judgments and transcripts, and the interim report of the Goldstone Commission on the Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation. Clippings are organized both chronologically and by subject. The chronological clippings being in the 1940s, recording the early formation of the apartheid system and objections to it, until the 2000s when the system had been legally dismantled. Clippings are from South African newspapers such as the <span class=\"title\">Rand Daily Mail</span>, the <span class=\"title\">Sowetan</span>, and the <span class=\"title\">Star</span>, as well as British newspapers including the <span class=\"title\">Observer</span>, the <span class=\"title\">Financial Times</span>, and the <span class=\"title\">Guardian</span>.</p> <p> The Individuals and Organizations subseries, both arranged alphabetically, contain printed matter (clippings, articles, and organizational publications) and speeches. Topics, also arranged alphabetically, include printed matter (clippings, articles, and other publications) related to particular subjects such as race relations in the United States and abroad. Newspapers mainly include complete copies of various African newspapers, arranged chronologically.</p>"}