- unitid
-
{"value"=>"186244", "type"=>"local_mss"}
{"value"=>"b22441951", "type"=>"local_b"}
{"value"=>"Sc MIRS X 2002-75", "type"=>"local_call"}
- unitdate
-
{"value"=>"circa 1950s-1983", "type"=>"inclusive", "normal"=>"1950/1983", "certainty"=>"approximate"}
{"value"=>"1961-1964", "type"=>"bulk", "normal"=>"1961/1964"}
- unittitle
-
{"value"=>"Malcolm X audio and moving image collection"}
- physdesc
-
{"format"=>"structured", "physdesc_components"=>[{"name"=>"extent", "value"=>"34 audio_recordings", "unit"=>"audio_recordings"}]}
{"format"=>"structured", "physdesc_components"=>[{"name"=>"extent", "value"=>"21 video_recordings", "unit"=>"video_recordings"}]}
- repository
-
{"value"=>"<span class=\"corpname\">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Moving Image and Recorded Sound Division</span>"}
- abstract
-
{"value"=>"Malcolm X (1925 - 1965) was an African American nationalist leader and Muslim minister who sought to broaden the civil rights struggle in the United States into an international human rights issue. The Malcolm X audio and moving image collection consists of thirty-four audio recordings and twenty-one films created from circa the 1950s to 1983."}
- langmaterial
-
{"value"=>"Multiple languages"}
- origination
-
{"value"=>"X, Malcolm, 1925-1965", "type"=>"persname"}
- bioghist
-
{"value"=>"<p>Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 - February 21, 1965) was an African American nationalist leader and Muslim minister who sought to broaden the civil rights struggle in the United States into an international human rights issue. After publicly breaking with the Nation of Islam (NOI) in 1964, he founded the Muslim Mosque Incorporated (MMI) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Malcolm X was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City on February 21, 1965, leaving behind his widow, Betty Shabazz, and six daughters. He remains one of the most influential leaders and thinkers of the civil rights and Black Nationalist movements.</p> <p>Below is a chronology of Malcolm X's life as it pertains to this collection. For a more comprehensive chronology of his life, see the Malcolm X collection: papers, Sc Micro R-6270, and the Malcolm X manuscripts collection, Sc MG 951.</p> <p><ul class=\"chronlist\"> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1925 May 19</span> <span class=\"event\">Malcolm X is born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, to Reverend Earl and Louise Little.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1947</span> <span class=\"event\">Joins the Nation of Islam (NOI) while serving an eight to ten year prison sentence in Massachusetts. During this period, he begins using the surname \"X.\"</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1954</span> <span class=\"event\">Becomes minister of Muhammad's Temple of Islam in Harlem, building the NOI into a mass organization over the next several years. A November 10 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) report notes that \"Subject is single and travels a lot\" between Chicago, Detroit, Washington, DC, and Philadelphia.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1959</span> <span class=\"event\">Travels to the Middle East and Africa for the first time in July in order to lay the groundwork for Elijah Muhammad's Middle East tour later that year. He returns within months, ultimately visiting nations including Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan over the course of the year.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1959 July 13-17</span> <span class=\"event\">Television documentary <span class=\"title\">The Hate That Hate Produced</span> airs, propelling the NOI into the national spotlight.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1962</span> <span class=\"event\">Participates in debates and panel discussions on racism and integration across the US. Goes to the West Coast to lead NOI response to the police killing of Los Angeles Mosque Secretary Ronald Stokes. Assumes leadership of Philadelphia Mosque. Cancels all of his college and university appearances in the fall on orders from Elijah Muhammad.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1963 December 3</span> <span class=\"event\">Suspended from NOI and silenced for \"Chickens coming home to roost\" remark, following President Kennedy's assassination.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 March</span> <span class=\"event\">Officially leaves NOI, citing pressures from \"officials\" within the organization (March 8). Files certificate of incorporation for the Muslim Mosque, Inc. (March 11). Announces voter registration drive as first campaign of new organization (March 29), continuing Sunday night rallies at Audubon Ballroom.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 April</span> <span class=\"event\">Delivers speeches \"The Ballot or the Bullet\" at Cleveland, Ohio rally sponsored by local Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) chapter (April 3), and \"The Black Revolution\" at New York City Militant Labor Forum (April 8). Travels to Saudi Arabia to make Hajj.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 May</span> <span class=\"event\">Tours African continent, including stops in Cairo, Mecca, and Lagos, making films to use in the American civil rights campaign.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 June 28</span> <span class=\"event\">Launches the Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom (OAAU); the organization goes on to sponsor the ongoing Sunday night rallies at Audubon Ballroom.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 July</span> <span class=\"event\">Returns to Egypt for what will become a four-month visit to the Middle East and Africa.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1964 October</span> <span class=\"event\">After a five-day stay in Addis-Ababa, goes to Nairobi (October 5) to seek support of independent African nations in bringing the issue of American racism to the United Nations.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1965 January</span> <span class=\"event\">Speaks at regular Sunday OAAU rallies in Harlem, including screening his films of Egypt, Kenya, and other African nations (January 3); films of Ghana, Nigeria, Algeria, and Egypt (January 10); \"The History of the Afro-American\" speeches at the Audubon Ballroom (January 17, 24), and prediction of \"longest, hottest, and bloodiest\" summer at Audubon Ballroom (January 31).</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1965 February</span> <span class=\"event\">Returns to NYC from London on February 13, and his East Elmhurst home is firebombed the next morning. Later that day, Malcolm X flies to Detroit where he gives his last major speech at a public rally (February 14). Addresses an OAAU rally at the Audubon Ballroom (February 15). Evicted from his Queens home (February 16). BBC1 Television interview airs on <span class=\"title\">Tonight</span> February 19.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\">1965 February 21</span> <span class=\"event\">Gunned down at the Audubon Ballroom while addressing an OAAU rally.</span></li> <li class=\"chronitem\"> <span class=\"date\"> 1966 January- March</span> <span class=\"event\">Trial of three men accused of assassinating Malcolm X fuels public speculation, such as \"Who Killed Malcolm X\" discussion at NYC Militant Labor Forum (March 11).</span></li></ul></p>"}
- scopecontent
-
{"value"=>"<p>The Malcolm X audio and moving image collection consists of thirty-four audio recordings and twenty-one films, created from circa the 1950s to 1983 and arranged chronologically in their respective series. One film is unavailable pending conservation and is not described here. When possible, dates for originally undated collection material have been determined based on historical newspapers.</p> <p>Each film's content note indicates its audio (\"no audio\" for those without sound) and color values (\"color\" or \"black and white\"). Open-reels and cassette tapes comprise the original audio formats. Many of these items contain two or more parts, one for each side of the reel or cassette. Unless otherwise indicated, all items are audio recordings. Square brackets in item's content notes indicate unclear names or spellings.</p>"}
{"value"=>"<p class='list-head'>The Malcolm X audio and moving image collection is arranged in four series:</p>\n<ul class='arrangement series-descriptions'>\n<li><div class='series-title'><a href='/scl/186244#c1761512'>SERIES I. PUBLIC AND MEDIA APPEARANCES</a></div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Seventeen audio recordings and twelve films of public addresses and media appearances featuring Malcolm X. These items reflect Malcolm X's presence in Harlem, as well as his travels across the US and around the world. The series also includes appearances by James Farmer and other members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Fannie Lou Hamer, and Elijah Muhammad.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/scl/186244#c1761542'>SERIES II. PUBLIC AND MEDIA APPEARANCES BY ASSOCIATES</a></div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Thirteen audio recordings and three films of public addresses and media appearances by those who knew or were otherwise associated with Malcolm X, including George Breitman, editor of <span class=\"title\">Malcolm X Speaks</span>; <span class=\"title\">The New York Times</span> reporter M.S. (Meyer \"Mike\" Srednick) Handler, whose personal relationship with the leader led to his writing the introduction to <span class=\"title\">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</span>; and Malcolm X's widow Betty Shabazz. Several of the items in this series took place at Militant Labor Forum events in Detroit, New York City, and Philadelphia.</p> <p>While the series includes productions that feature recordings of Malcolm X, such as George Breitman's audio commentary on Malcolm X's speeches, and the 1969 episode of <span class=\"title\">Like It Is</span> that commemorated his death, all of these items were created after his death.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/scl/186244#c1761559'>SERIES III: HOME RECORDINGS</a></div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Two audio recordings of private conversations that do not include Malcolm X.The people on these recordings are not formally identified.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/scl/186244#c1761562'>SERIES IV: COLLECTED MEDIA</a></div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>Five films and two audio recordings that were created and published without the involvement of Malcolm X. The films consist of educational productions on Black history released by <span class=\"title\">The New York Times</span> and Arno Press, as well as one home edition of a comedy film. The audio recordings are in Arabic and English, both likely related to Islam.</p></div></li></ul>\n", "type"=>"arrangement"}
- acqinfo
-
{"value"=>"<p>Deposited at the Library by the estate of Betty Shabazz for a period of 75 years, December 2002.</p>"}
- separatedmaterial
-
{"value"=>"<p>See the Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Division for the Malcolm X collection: papers, 1948-1965, Sc Micro R-6270.</p>"}
{"value"=>"<p>See the Photographs and Prints Division for the Malcolm X collection: photographs, Sc Photo The Malcolm X Collection.</p>"}
{"value"=>"<p>See the Art and Artifacts Division for art and artifacts.</p>"}
- processinfo
-
{"value"=>"<p>Collection inventoried by <span class=\"name\">Stacey Doyle Ference</span> and <span class=\"name\">Nathan Evans</span>. Collection processed and described by <span class=\"name\">Anika Paris</span>, archivist, and <span class=\"name\">Shola Lynch</span>, curator. Finding aid published in <span class=\"date\">2024</span>.</p>"}
- relatedmaterial
-
{"value"=>"<p>George Breitman: Legacy of Malcolm X, Part of the Schomburg Center Oral History Tape Collection, Sc Audio C-202-205.</p>"}
- sponsor
-
{"value"=>"An anonymous donor funded preliminary processing for this collection, and a grant from American Express supported the digitization."}
- date_start
-
1950
- keydate
-
1950
- date_end
-
1983
- date_inclusive_start
-
1950
- date_inclusive_end
-
1983
- date_bulk_start
-
1961
- date_bulk_end
-
1964
- prefercite
-
{"value"=>"Malcolm X audio and moving image collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Moving Image and Recorded Sound Division, The New York Public Library"}